The number of NGO'ss operating in the United States is estimated at 1.5 million.Russia has 277,000 NGO's India is estimated to have had around 3.3 million NGO'ss in 2009, just over one NGO's per 400 Indians, and many times the number of primary schools and primary health centres in India.
NGO'ss are difficult to define, and the term 'NGO's' is not used consistently. As a result, there are many different classifications in use. The most common focus on 'orientation' and 'level of operation'. An NGO's orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, or development work. An NGO's's level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as local, regional, national or international.
One of the earliest mentions of the term "NGO's" was in 1945, when the United Nations (UN) was created. The UN, which is an inter-governmental organization, made it possible for certain approved specialized international non-state agencies - or non-governmental organizations - to be awarded observer status at its assemblies and some of its meetings. Later the term became used more widely. Today, according to the UN, any kind of private organization that is independent from government control can be termed an NGO's provided it is not-for-profit, non-criminal and not simply an opposition political party.
One characteristic these diverse organizations share is that their non-profit status means they are not hindered by short-term financial objectives. Accordingly, they are able to devote themselves to issues which occur across longer time horizons, such as climate change, malaria prevention or a global ban on landmine. Public surveys reveal that NGO'ss often enjoy a high degree of public trust, which can make them a useful - but not always sufficient - proxy for the concerns of society and stakeholders.
Types
GRO/NGO's types can be understood by their orientation and level of operation.
GRO/NGO's type by level of orientation:
Charitable orientation often involves a top-down paternalistic effort with little participation by the "beneficiaries". It includes NGO'ss with activities directed toward meeting the needs of the poor.
Service orientation includes NGO'ss with activities such as the provision of health, family planning or education services in which the programme is designed by the NGO's and people are expected to participate in its implementation and in receiving the service.
Participatory orientation is characterized by self-help projects where local people are involved particularly in the implementation of a project by contributing cash, tools, land, materials, labour etc. In the classical community development project, participation begins with the need definition and continues into the planning and implementation stages.
Empowering orientation aims to help poor people develop a clearer understanding of the social, political and economic factors affecting their lives, and to strengthen their awareness of their own potential power to control their lives. There is maximum involvement of the beneficiaries with NGO'ss acting as facilitators.[7]
GRO/NGO's type by level of operation
Community-based organizations (CBOs) arise out of people's own initiatives. The can be responsible for raising the consciousness of the urban poor, helping them to understand their rights in accessing needed services, and providing such services.
City-wide organizations include organizations such as chambers of commerce and industry, coalitions of business, ethnic or educational groups, and associations of community organizations.
National NGO'ss include national organizations such as the Red Cross, YMCAs/YWCAs, professional associations, Samriddhi Foundation etc. Some have state and city branches and assist local NGO'ss.
International NGO'ss range from secular agencies such as Ducere Foundation and Save the Children organizations, OXFAM, CARE, Ford Foundation, and Rockefeller Foundation to religiously motivated groups. The can be responsible for funding local NGO'ss, institutions and projects and implementing projects.[7]
Apart from "GRO/NGO's", there are many alternative or overlapping terms in use, including: third sector organization (TSO), non-profit organization (NPO), voluntary organization (VO), civil society organization (CSO), grassroots organization (GO), social movement organization (SMO), private voluntary organization (PVO), self-help organization (SHO) and non-state actors (NSAs).
Governmental related organizations / Non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group. As a result, a long list of additional acronyms has developed, including:
BINGO's: 'Business-friendly international NGO's' or 'Big international NGO's'
TANGO's: 'Technical assistance NGO's'
TSO: 'Third-sector organization'
GONGO's: 'Government-operated NGO'ss' (set up by governments to look like NGO'ss in order to qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of government)
DONGO's: 'Donor organized NGO's'
INGO's: 'International NGO's'
QUANGO's: 'Quasi-autonomous NGO's,' such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely an NGO's, since its membership is by nation, and each nation is represented by what the ISO Council determines to be the 'most broadly representative' standardization body of a nation. That body might itself be a noNGO'svernmental organization; for example, the United States is represented in ISO by the American National Standards Institute, which is independent of the federal government. However, Others countries can be represented by national governmental agencies; this is the trend in Europe.)
National NGO's: A non-governmental organization that exists only in one country. This term is rare due to the globalization of non-governmental organizations, which causes an NGO's to exist in more than one country.[8]
CSO: 'Civil Society Organization'
ENGO's: 'Environmental NGO's,' such as Greenpeace and WWF
NNGO's: 'Northern NGO's'
PANGO's: 'Party NGO's,' set up by parties and disguised as NGO'ss to serve their political matters.
SNGO's: 'Southern NGO's'
SCO: 'Social change organization'
TNGO's: 'Transnational NGO's.' The term emerged during the 1970s due to the increase of environmental and economic issues in the global community. TNGO's includes non-governmental organizations that are not confined to only one country, but exist in two or more countries.
GSO: Grassroots Support Organization
MANGO's: 'Market advocacy NGO's'
NGDO: 'Non-governmental development organization'
USAID refers to NGO'ss as private voluntary organizations. However, many scholars have argued that this definition is highly problematic as many NGO'ss are in fact state- or corporate-funded and -managed projects and have professional staff.[citation needed]
GRO/NGO'ss exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of their members or founders. Examples include improving the state of the natural environment, encouraging the observance of human rights, improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agenda. However, there are a huge number of such organizations and their goals cover a broad range of political and philosophical positions. This can also easily be applied to private schools and athletic organizations.
GRO/NGO's type by level of orientation:
Charitable orientation often involves a top-down paternalistic effort with little participation by the "beneficiaries". It includes NGO'ss with activities directed toward meeting the needs of the poor.
Service orientation includes NGO'ss with activities such as the provision of health, family planning or education services in which the programme is designed by the NGO's and people are expected to participate in its implementation and in receiving the service.
Participatory orientation is characterized by self-help projects where local people are involved particularly in the implementation of a project by contributing cash, tools, land, materials, labour etc. In the classical community development project, participation begins with the need definition and continues into the planning and implementation stages.
Empowering orientation aims to help poor people develop a clearer understanding of the social, political and economic factors affecting their lives, and to strengthen their awareness of their own potential power to control their lives. There is maximum involvement of the beneficiaries with NGO'ss acting as facilitators.[7]
GRO/NGO's type by level of operation
Community-based organizations (CBOs) arise out of people's own initiatives. The can be responsible for raising the consciousness of the urban poor, helping them to understand their rights in accessing needed services, and providing such services.
City-wide organizations include organizations such as chambers of commerce and industry, coalitions of business, ethnic or educational groups, and associations of community organizations.
National NGO'ss include national organizations such as the Red Cross, YMCAs/YWCAs, professional associations, Samriddhi Foundation etc. Some have state and city branches and assist local NGO'ss.
International NGO'ss range from secular agencies such as Ducere Foundation and Save the Children organizations, OXFAM, CARE, Ford Foundation, and Rockefeller Foundation to religiously motivated groups. The can be responsible for funding local NGO'ss, institutions and projects and implementing projects.[7]
Apart from "GRO/NGO's", there are many alternative or overlapping terms in use, including: third sector organization (TSO), non-profit organization (NPO), voluntary organization (VO), civil society organization (CSO), grassroots organization (GO), social movement organization (SMO), private voluntary organization (PVO), self-help organization (SHO) and non-state actors (NSAs).
Governmental related organizations / Non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group. As a result, a long list of additional acronyms has developed, including:
BINGO's: 'Business-friendly international NGO's' or 'Big international NGO's'
TANGO's: 'Technical assistance NGO's'
TSO: 'Third-sector organization'
GONGO's: 'Government-operated NGO'ss' (set up by governments to look like NGO'ss in order to qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of government)
DONGO's: 'Donor organized NGO's'
INGO's: 'International NGO's'
QUANGO's: 'Quasi-autonomous NGO's,' such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely an NGO's, since its membership is by nation, and each nation is represented by what the ISO Council determines to be the 'most broadly representative' standardization body of a nation. That body might itself be a noNGO'svernmental organization; for example, the United States is represented in ISO by the American National Standards Institute, which is independent of the federal government. However, Others countries can be represented by national governmental agencies; this is the trend in Europe.)
National NGO's: A non-governmental organization that exists only in one country. This term is rare due to the globalization of non-governmental organizations, which causes an NGO's to exist in more than one country.[8]
CSO: 'Civil Society Organization'
ENGO's: 'Environmental NGO's,' such as Greenpeace and WWF
NNGO's: 'Northern NGO's'
PANGO's: 'Party NGO's,' set up by parties and disguised as NGO'ss to serve their political matters.
SNGO's: 'Southern NGO's'
SCO: 'Social change organization'
TNGO's: 'Transnational NGO's.' The term emerged during the 1970s due to the increase of environmental and economic issues in the global community. TNGO's includes non-governmental organizations that are not confined to only one country, but exist in two or more countries.
GSO: Grassroots Support Organization
MANGO's: 'Market advocacy NGO's'
NGDO: 'Non-governmental development organization'
USAID refers to NGO'ss as private voluntary organizations. However, many scholars have argued that this definition is highly problematic as many NGO'ss are in fact state- or corporate-funded and -managed projects and have professional staff.[citation needed]
GRO/NGO'ss exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of their members or founders. Examples include improving the state of the natural environment, encouraging the observance of human rights, improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agenda. However, there are a huge number of such organizations and their goals cover a broad range of political and philosophical positions. This can also easily be applied to private schools and athletic organizations.
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